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The National Flag of Tunisia was officially adopted on October 20, 1827. The flag has been designed by Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud.

The National Flag of Tunisia is rectangular in shape and features a red background with a white disk at the center, that bears a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star. The red crescent is made up to two intersecting arcs and surrounds the star on its left. The red color represents the resistance against Turkish dominance and the blood shed by martyrs killed in 1881 when Tunisia was conquered by France. The red color on the flag also symbolizes Islam, which is the predominant religion in Tunisia. The red crescent is a traditional indication of Islam and also serves as a sign of good luck in Arabic culture, as well as representing the unity of all Muslims. The white color symbolizes peace, whereas the white disk represents the sun. The star, like the crescent, is an ancient symbol of the Islamic religion, and the star鈥檚 five points symbolize the Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. The flag has width to length proportions of 2:3.

History of the Flag of Tunisia

In the 18^th century, most of Tunisia's maritime flags featured a crescent oriented shape with blue, red, green and white colors. When Tunisia was part of the Ottoman Empire, its naval ensign had blue, green and red horizontal stripes. The Bey of Tunis also had a flag in the 19^th century, which was used in public celebrations and appeared on Tunisia's coat of arms. The flag was rectangular in shape and included nine stripes alternating between yellow and red, while the middle line was green. As a French Protectorate, Tunisia's flag featured a small French flag in the upper left corner. This flag was used from 1943 until 1956. Before the current design, the national flag, which was used between 1959 and 1999, was Tunisia鈥檚 naval ensign which had a slightly narrower crescent. The current flag originated from the naval ensign of the Kingdom of Tunis, and was designed in 1831 by Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud, who was the Bey of Tunis from 1824 until 1835. As a former part of the Ottoman Empire, the Tunisian flag also exhibits similarities to the Ottoman flag.

National Anthem

• Anthem Title: "岣�um膩t al-岣�im谩" ("Defenders of the Homeland")
• Music Composer: Mohamad Abdel Wahab
• Lyricist: Mustafa Sadik Al-Rafii and Aboul-Qacem Echebbi
• Date of Adoption: November 7, 1987

聽"岣�um膩t al-岣�im谩" ("Defenders of the Homeland") is the national anthem of Tunisia. The muisc of the anthem have been composed by Mohamad Abdel Wahab. The lyrics of the anthem have been authored by both Mustafa Sadik Al-Rafii and Aboul-Qacem Echebbi. The anthem was officially adopted on November 7, 1987.

The current official currency of Tunisia is the Tunisian dinar (丿賷賳丕乇 and TND). It is subdivided into 1000 millime. It was introduced in 1960 to replace the Tunisian franc. In day-to-day transactions, Tunisians do not use the dinar to quote prices. For prices below 2 dinars, they use khomstach en miya, while the 50 dinar is known as the khamsin alf. The currency is issued by the Central bank of Tunisia.

Coins

Currently, coins in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 millimes; 陆, 1, 2, 5 dinars are in circulation.

Tunisian dinar coins were introduced in 1960 in several denominations, including 1, 2 and 5 millime coins made from aluminum, and 10, 20, 50 and 100 millime coins made from brass. By 1990, the 1 and 2 millime coins had lost value and were no longer accepted as legal tender in Tunisia. In 1968, 陆 dinar coins minted from nickel were introduced, but were replaced with cupro-nickel coins in 1976. In the same year, the 1-dinar coin came into existence. In 2002, bi-metallic 5-dinar coins were introduced, with the latest issue of the Tunisian dinar being in 2013, when the 200 millime and 2-dinar coins were added to the currency list.

Banknotes

Currently, banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20 dinars are in circulation.

Tunisian dinar banknotes were first issued by the Central Bank of Tunisia in denominations of 陆 and 5 dinars in November 1958. The denominations of the Tunisian dinar have been changed in five phases, with the last being done in 2011. In addition to the two denominations are the 30-, 50- and 10-dinar notes, introduced in 1997, 2008, and 2005, respectively. The obverse side of the notes bears the portraits of different legends, while the reverse bears portraits of landmarks and economic activities of the Tunisians.

Historical currencies of Tunisia

The Tunisian dinar was introduced in 1960 to replace of the Tunisian franc, which had been the official currency. The currency obtained its name from the Roman denarius, used in the antic territory of Carthage, which is the present-day Tunisia. As a former French colony, it was expected that the currency would be devalued against the French franc, but the dinar was pegged to the US dollar at a rate of 1:1.90. Historically, Tunisia has experienced a low rate of inflation compared to neighboring countries, making the dinar less volatile.