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Throughout its history, the United States has had some memorable Heads of State. Some have been largely perceived as great, and others as terrible, though there is always a debate regarding the respective merits and faults of each and every one of them. By looking at a number of historical polls and surveys on public and expert perceptions of the best and worst U.S. Presidents, we have compiled a list using the weighted means of their compiled rankings. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists. The rankings focus on presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures, and faults.

10. Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover served as the 31st President of the United States during the Great Depression, serving between 1929 to 1933. Hoover was criticized for being a poor communicator who many Americans perceived as cold and uncaring. Although the timing of his presidency were unenviable, his political policies were accused of actually worsening the Depression. Interestingly, Hoover had won in a landslide victory.

9. Zachary Taylor

Zachary Taylor served as the 12th President from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. A national hero due to victories in the Mexican-American War as a major general in the US army, Taylor easily won the election as a member of the Whig Party although he had no previous political experience and little interest in politics. Taylor died 16 months into his term and had made little political progress during that time labelling him as one of the US's most forgettable presidents.

8. Ulysses S. Grant

The 18th President of the US was Republican Ulysses S. Grant who served as the head of state from 1869 to 1877. As a general in the military, Grant had played a major role in the Union army鈥檚 victory over the Confederacy鈥檚 forces during the American Civil War. President Grant鈥檚 accomplishments during his two terms in office include overseeing the reconstruction in the southern states, dismantling the Confederacy, as well as supporting civil rights for black citizens. Perhaps the most significant cause of Grant鈥檚 downfall and reputation as a poor leader are due to the many allegations of corruption and financial misconduct which plagued his administration.

7. John Tyler

In 1841, John Tyler was the nation鈥檚 10th Vice President before being sworn in as President following the untimely death of William Henry Harris. Although he was elected as a member of the Whig party Tyler began his political career as a Democrat. Tyler believed in the concept of manifest destiny and during the final portion of his presidency concentrated on annexing the territory of Texas. In 1842, Tyler became the first American head of state to face impeachment. Although the attempt to oust Tyler was ultimately unsuccessful, it was spearheaded by members of his own Whig party and stemmed from long standing political conflicts between President Tyler and members of the Whig establishment.

6. William Henry Harrison

The 9th President of the United States was William Henry Harrison, who served for a period of about a month from March to April 1841. Harrison has the unfortunate distinction of being the very first American President to die in office. He only actually governed for approximately 31 days, which historically is the shortest term of any President in US history. Before embarking on a career in politics in 1799, William Henry Harrison had a great deal of military experience including fighting in battles such as the Northwest Indian War and the War of 1812. Because of his very brief time in office, Harrison failed to achieve any of his political goals. Many years later, however, Benjamin Harrison, William鈥檚 grandson, was elected as the 23rd President and held office from 1889 to 1893.

5. Millard Fillmore

Millard Fillmore was the final Whig member to hold the office of US President. Fillmore served in the role as the nation鈥檚 13th President from 1850 to 1853. A former lawyer, Fillmore began his career in politics in 1829 as a member of the state legislature. Initially the representative from New York was elected as Vice President but assumed the top job when President Zachary Taylor died in 1850. Slavery was a major issue during this period in US history and Fillmore was well known as a supporter of the Compromise of 1850. As President Fillmore endorsed a particularly controversial portion of this policy known as the Fugitive Slave Act which was aimed at settling disputes between Southern slave owners and abolitionists in the North. This act, formerly entitled, 鈥淎n Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and Persons escaping from the Service of their Masters鈥� stated that if caught all escaped slaves were to be returned to their masters.

4. Franklin Pierce

The 14th President of the US was Franklin Pierce whose term as head of state ran from 1853 to 1857. Pierce鈥檚 administration is widely considered to have been a failure which served as a leading reason for the political decline of the Democratic Party. President Pierce also provided the perfect environment in which to foster the growing Southern secession movement. Like Fillmore, his predecessor, President Pierce upheld the controversial Fugitive Slave Act. In another unpopular action, Piece鈥檚 administration was responsible for passing the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act which led to the so called 鈥淏leeding Kansas鈥� or Border War which was waged between anti and pro-slavery factions. This particular act is also considered as being one of the key events that lead up to the widespread death and destruction caused by the ravages of the Civil War.

3. Andrew Johnson

After Abraham Lincoln鈥�s assassination his Vice President, Andrew Johnson, was sworn in as the 17th head of state. Johnson, a native of Raleigh, North Carolina, governed the country from 1865 to 1869. Due to a violation of the Tenure of Office Act, he was impeached in 1868. After a quick acquittal by the Senate, however, Johnson was able to remain in office. Because Andrew Johnson was elected after the beginning of the Civil War issues related to the Reconstruction of the South and national unity came to the forefront of national politics not only in terms of Johnson鈥檚 administration but for the entire country as well. President Johnson was unpopular for opposing measures, such as the Fourteenth Amendment, which was aimed at affording ex slaves with US citizenship.

2. Warren G. Harding

The 29th President of the US was Warren G. Harding, who held office from 1921 to 1923. Harding is regarded by a great many historians to be one of America鈥檚 worst presidents. After his death stories of corruption and scandal became rampant. Aside from his actual political policies Harding鈥檚 personal life was marred by tawdry revelations of his extramarital affairs with numerous women including Nan Britton who even wrote a book which claimed that Harding had fathered a daughter with her. In terms of issues related to governing the country President Harding ran into trouble with his mishandling of the Teapot Dome oil reserves which also proved quite scandal-worthy for his administration. The political affair began when, under the President鈥檚 authority, oil reserves in Wyoming destined to be used by the Navy were transferred to the Department of the Interior.

1. James Buchanan

James Buchanan, Jr., a Democrat, was the 15th President of the United States, and held this prestigious post from 1857 to 1861. His mandate began just before the onset of the American Civil War. Before taking the top job Buchanan had accumulated plenty of political experience after serving in the House of Representatives and Senate. Buchanan had even held the post of Secretary of State under President Polk. Buchanan was born in Pennsylvania, but was regarded as having Southern sympathies. President Buchanan not only failed to broker peace between a divided nation, but also ended up alienating members of both warring factions. Many still blame President Buchanan and his ineffective presidency for failing to prevent the outbreak of the Civil War, with some even referring to the devastating national conflict as 鈥淏uchanan鈥檚 War鈥�.