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Retelling the Civil War

Jim Loewen, author of 鈥淟ies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong鈥�, contends that between 60 and 75 percent of high school history teachers across America believe and teach that the South seceded from the Union to preserve states鈥� rights. This implies that the Civil War was not about slavery, but the rights of states. People in favor of such a view argue that prominent people who fought on the side of the Union had slaves, while fighters from the South did not. Hence, the war could not have been about slavery. The debate implicates Union General, and then U.S. President-to-be, Ulysses S. Grant for owning slaves at the time of the Civil War. On the other hand, many people claim that Confederate general Robert E. Lee did not.

Grant: Raised Abolitionist, Married Into Slaveholders

Grant鈥檚 father, Jesse, wrote for the Castigator, an abolitionist paper in Ripley, Ohio. He said that he refused to live in slave states, and wanted to raise his family where slavery didn鈥檛 exist. On the contrary, the adult Grant dealt with slaves on a professional basis, but was neutral on the subject. U.S. Grant married into a family that owned slaves. In fact, slaves constructed his home near his father-in-law鈥檚 plantation, and there came a time when he supervised those slaves on his wife's familial estate. It is widely documented that Grant engaged in physical labor alongside his wife鈥檚 slaves. After the war, a former neighbor remarked on the topic of Grant and slaves that he聽 "couldn鈥檛 force them to do anything. He wouldn鈥檛 whip them. He was too gentle and good tempered and besides he was not a slavery man鈥�.

William Jones, Grant's Own Slave

Grant did own one slave, a thirty-five year old man named William Jones, in 1858. Jones may have been a "present" from his father-in-law, or Grant may have purchased him. However, a year thereafter, he wrote, 鈥淚 do hereby manumit, emancipate and set free said William Jones from slavery forever.鈥�

Robert E. Lee, the Reluctant General

In 2014, the mayor of New Orleans, Mitch Landrieu, acting on a suggestion of Jazz icon Wynton Marsalis, proposed taking down the statue of the Confederate General in his city, and renaming Lee Circle. It set off a fierce debate about sanitizing the past from public spaces and honoring history鈥檚 heroes as products of their times. Some people were quick to point out that, though Lee led the Civil War on the side of slavery, he himself was not racist. He actually freed his father鈥檚 slaves when he became an adult, and this sentiment has been around for decades. But history is full of personalities that are inspiring, contradictory, mysterious, and poignant. Lee has been consciously cast in a favorable light right from the time of his death, even in the North.

Lee: Slavery, a Necessary Evil

In a letter to his wife from the front-lines, Lee wrote, "slavery as an institution, is a moral and political evil in any country." But even in the very same letter he argues that it was necessary for black people to bear slavery in order that they might be "able to come to America" and be "civilized". Lee himself was indirectly burdened with this supposed evil. Lee鈥檚 wife was descendant of George Washington through adoption and owned dozens of slaves and a plantation network. Lee鈥檚 father-in-law had willed that the family鈥檚 slaves be free after he died 鈥渨hen expedient and proper.鈥� Lee had been born into an old and wealthy family which had fallen on hard times. The Confederate general held on to the slaves until his own plantation was back on track. According to Elizabeth Brown Pryor鈥檚 biography of the man, which is based on Lee鈥檚 correspondences, the general freed his own slaves prior to the war, though considered buying more afterwards. If the Civil War was about the rights of states, there was one right the southern states particularly wanted to defend, and that was slavery.